Theories of Kant for Company Ethics

Theories of Kant for Company Ethics Early growth in computer processing had little effect on jobs, But as year goes by artificial intelligent had evolve to a point where it is able to think like a human as more and more large amount of new skills were being captured. With these robots, automation or software it is possible to replace people who’s worked in manufacturing industry, service industry or even agriculture industry. Since the notable advancement in computing technology which moves from improved industrial robotics to automated translation service. Andrew McAfee believes that these transition had becoming the reasons behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years as the rapid technological change has been destroying job faster than it is creating them. (Andrew McAfee, 2012) Therefore, a new argument had risen over the years among employer and employees whether should companies should be responsible for the unemployment caused by their information system. Hence several ethical point of view had been brought up to response to this issue where from ethical egoism point of view believes that companies should not responsible for unemployment as with the information system they are able to benefit from a long term profit therefore this is a morally right action. But Kantianism point of view will be discussed throughout this article to respond to this issue. Kantianism is a deontological ethical theory that concludes that the only good thing in the world that can be called good without qualification is a good will. (Michael J.Quinn, 2003) This bring us back to the issue where should companies be responsible for unemployment caused by their information system. From Kantianism perspective, companies should be responsible for unemployment as Kantianism theory had pointed out that when ones struggles between what ones’ want to do and what ones’ ought to do, what ones’ want to do is no longer important. Ones should only focus on what ones’ ought to do (Michael J.Quinn, 2003). Therefore, the discussion below will look into several categorical imperative formulation that were proposed by Kant to have an in depth view to determine whether companies should or should not be responsible for from Kantianism perspective. Categorical Imperative first formulation poses the basic conception of fairness and universalizability where there will be a consistent law that were tailored for everyone and not there cannot be one rule for me and another for everyone else. For examples, if a company starts to retrench employees that were caused by their information system and felt that it is ok for that company to retrench their employees by doing so companies will be denying and destroy the relationship between employees and employers where employees will lose trust in their employers as they might just get replaced anytime by Information System which leads them to lower productivity and the whole act of making them unemployed will be self-destructing. The desire for consistency will drives the first formulation where could companies retrench employee cause of their information system? Of course not, If every companies in the whole starts to implement information system and replacing their worker with it, it will cause an immense chaos to the world economy where 40% of low income manual labor will lose their jobs in United State and also shifting the bull’s eye onto the middle class workers where jobs like accountant might be replaced by software too. This would lead to severe loss of foundation income for their families where day to day expenses will be a huge problems for these families. (SHOULD ADD MORE IMPACT ONTO THE WHOLE SOCIETY LATER)Since if every company implements information system and causes unemployment, everyone would be unemployed which will disrupt the whole economy and lead the whole world to poverty all because of a personal interest. Therefore, it is wrong for a company to cause unemployment due to their implemented information system and company have to responsible for this issue that were caused by them solely for maximizing their profits. Categorical Imperative second formulation can be seen as the act in such a way that you always  treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a mean but always at the same time as an end. (Michael Rohlf, 2010). Therefore, portrait that rational agency is to be valued for its own sake â€Å"as an end† and that it is therefore illegitimate ever to treat a rational agent merely as a means to an end. Looking back to the case study provided, by implementing information system and causing unemployment, company had treated their employees as a mean to an end. The company sacrifices the job opportunity of their employees in order to achieve a lower cost for their product and higher productivity but at the cost of retrenching their workers. It was wrong for the company to retrench their employees as the company is treating their employees as a working machine rather than a rational agent with whom they could work with and try to collaborate machines with human instead of replacing all of the employees to solely automations. According to Kant there are two types of beings one being known as persons and other known as things.(H.J Paton, 1964) A person consist of infinite worth whereas things have a finite worth and can be bought or sold. In this case, company had treated their employees as a ‘things’ instead of a ‘person’ as company weighs them as a finite worth and retrench them in order to achieve company’s need which is to obtain a low cost production and being able to maximize shareholder’s wealth. Therefore, company is responsible for the unemployment cause by implementation of information system as according to categorical imperative second formulation, there should be moral exchanges between parties, as each parties treat each other not solely as an object of instrumental value alone but as objects of intrinsic value too. Thus, company should recognize their employees as au tonomous and rational human beings that are capable of willing freely and not upset or frustrate the freedom and autonomy of their employees by channeling forces or threats to retrench them just because their productivity is not on par as machines. Categorical Imperative third formulation stated that all maxims as proceeding from our own making of law ought to harmonize with a possible kingdom of end. In lay man’s term it means that in considering morality, we need to imagine ourselves making law in a Kingdom of people who are ends in themselves and should not act selfishly or be swayed by emotions which in our case company implementing information system in their organization. Whilst these automation could help in increasing the overall productivity, lowering down total product cost and also results in a higher earning does not mean that ones have to do it, instead company should integrate or implement partial machines that could help in increasing the overall productivity. In so doing, these company will make law for rational people where when we are torn between universal moral laws (retrenching employees without any proper reason will cause upsets to them which will demoralized them and ending their source of income) and particular desires produced in us (implementing machines to maximizes profit), you find a rational solutions to aid the problems (inter-cooperate human and machines together) which does achieve a particular desires and does falling towards either side. That said being able to look at several Kant’s point of view, we could conclude that Kant had several point of view where first formulation focuses on universalized rules where ones act only on that principle of action through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law where if rule is universalized, any companies that implemented information system will have to retrench their employees, employees loses their job and thus lowering the purchasing power which would results in more economy downturn. Therefore the rules is self-defeating and it company should be responsible for the unemployment caused by their information system. However, the second point of view focuses on looks into treating people as ends in themselves rather than means to ends. Therefore, company should not treat employees as a mean to end by retrenching them just because they had found a better substitute for them instead company should treat them as a rational people where coll aborating them into catching up with new skill sets to work on other fields. Lastly, Kant’s third formulation states that in everything ones do and every autonomous action ones makes, ones is required to picture himself/herself as a person writing the law for a new kingdom where everybody must treat everybody else as end in themselves which company have to find a rational principle of act to solve the issue between maximizing profit and unemployment where it will harmonize both parties. #Provide real world examples. References http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/ http://hercules.gcsu.edu/~hedmonds/lecture%20notes/kant%20lecture%20notes.htm http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/50-economic-numbers-from-2011-that-are-almost-too-crazy-to-believe https://financesonline.com/blue-collar-blues-are-we-losing-our-blue-collar-workers/ http://www2.fiu.edu/~harrisk/Notes/Ethics/KANT.htm Biblography http://thepietythatliesbetween.blogspot.com.au/2011/08/kantian-ethics-part-3-second.html http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/06/this-is-the-way-blue-collar-america-ends/276554/ http://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-blue-collar-jobs-are-dissapearing-2012-1 http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/12/15/9461848-dismal-prospects-1-in-2-americans-are-now-poor-or-low-income http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5i.htm http://thepietythatliesbetween.blogspot.com.au/search?q=kantian+ethics http://www.rsrevision.com/Alevel/ethics/revision/kant_aspects_of_theory.pdf

Rheumatoid Arthritis :: essays research papers

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease, primarily of the joints, with autoimmune features and a complex genetic component. INHERITANCE Occasional families show a considerable number of cases of this common disorder. A simple Mendelian mechanism could not be proved, however. Indeed, some (Burch et al., 1964) could not demonstrate significant familial aggregation. Lynn et al. (1995) conducted family studies and segregation analyses of RA based on consecutive patients with RA ascertained without regard to family history or known risk factors. Included in the analyses were first-degree relatives from 135 simplex and 30 multiplex families. A highly penetrate recessive major gene, with a mutant allele frequency of 0.005, was identified as the most parsimonious genetic risk factor. Significant evidence for heterogeneity in risk for RA was observed for proband gender but not for proband age at onset. Kaplan-Meier risk analysis demonstrated significant evidence for differences in the distribution of risk among first-degree relatives. Although both proband gender and age at onset were identified as important risk factors, proband gender appeared to be the more important determinant of risk, with relatives of male probands having the greatest cumulative risk for RA. For future genetic analyses, Lynn et al. (1995) suggested that families with an excess of affected males having a young age at onset might be most informative in identifying the putative recessive gene and its modifiers. Hasstedt et al. (1994) studied 28 pedigrees ascertained through pairs of first-degree relatives with RA. RA was confirmed in 77 pedigree members, including probands; the absence of disease was verified in an additional 261 pedigree members. Members of the pedigrees were typed serologically for HLA. Analyses supported the existence of an HLA-linked RA susceptibility locus, estimated the susceptibility allele frequency as 0.0216, and estimated the lifetime penetrance as 41% in male homozygotes and 48% in female homozygotes. Inheritance was recessive in males and was nearly recessive in females. In addition, the analysis attributed 78% of the variants with HLA genotypes to genetic or environmental effects shared by sibs. The genetic model inferred in this analysis was considered consistent with previous association, linkage, and familial aggregation studies of RA. The inferred HLA-linked RA susceptibility locus accounted for approximately one-half of familial RA, although it accounted f or only approximately one-fifth of the RA in the population. PATHOGENESIS In a T-cell receptor transgenic mouse model, an inflammatory arthritis that resembles human RA is initiated by T cells but is sustained by antibodies to GPI (172400).

Chapter 9 Review Questions Essay

Chapter 9 Review Questions 1. What is magnetism? 2. Torque is ________. 3. A magnetic field is _________. 4. True or False: A permanent magnet is a piece of material that has been magnetized and can hold its magnetic strength for a reasonable length of time. 5. How is an electromagnet produced? 6. Which of the following produces the best electromagnet? 7. Unlike poles of a magnet _________each other and like poles_________ each other. 8. What part does polarity play in the operation of an electric motor? 9. What part of a motor produces an inductive magnetic field within itself to facilitate the rotating motion? 10. What part does the frequency of alternating current play in the operation of an electric motor? 11. What would be the speed of a two pole motor operating on a 120 Volts 60 Hz power supply? 12. What are the five types of single phase motors used in the industry? 13. Which of the following correctly lists the motor’s starting torque from lowest to highest? 14. Which of the following is a common use of a shaded-pole motor? 15. How does a shaded-pole motor operate? 16. How can a shaded-pole motor be reversed? 17. What determines the rotation of a shaded-pole motor? 18. Draw a diagram of a three-speed, shaded-pole motor. 19. What enables a split-phase motor to develop enough torque to begin rotation? 20. What removes the starting winding from the electrical circuit of an open type split phase motor once it reaches 75% of its operating speed? 21. What are the three probable areas of trouble in a split-phase motor? 22. What is the unit of measurement for the strength of a capacitor? 23. What is the purpose of a capacitor? 24. What is the difference between a running and a running and a starting capacitor? 25. List the five capacitor replacement rules. 26. Explain the operation of a permanent split-capacitor motor. 27. How are a PSC motor and a capacitor start capacitor-run motor similar? 28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the following types of motors? 29. What are the similarities between an open-type split-phase motor and a capacitor-start motor? 30. Which of the following is an advantage in using a three-phase motor? 31. Draw a wiring diagram of a capacitor start-capacitor-run motor. 32. True or False: All starting apparatuses are mounted externally to the hermetic compressor shell. 33. What is the process in troubleshooting any electric motor? 34. Which of the following is the capacitance of an 88 uF and a 108 uF starting capacitor connected in series? 35. Which of the following is the capacitance of two 20 uF running capacitors connected in parallel? 36. If a capacitor produces 15A on a 240 volt supply, which of the following is its microfarad rating? 37. Which of the following capacitors could be used to replace a 35 uF, 370 running capacitor? 38. Which of the following capacitors could be used to replace a 188 uF, 250 V starting capacitor? 39. Which of the following capacitors or combination of capacitors could be used to re place a 45 uF, 370 V running capacitor? 40. Which of the following capacitors or combination of capacitors could be used to replace an 88 uF, 250 V starting capacitor? 41. Find the common, start, and run terminals of the following hermetic compressors. A. B. C. 42. Briefly explain the procedure for troubleshooting hermetic compressor motors. 43. What are the electrical failure categories for hermetic compressor motors? 44. What precautions should be taken when checking hermetic compressor motors? 45. What would be the highest allowable resistance reading for a grounded compressor motor? 46. What are the advantages of using an electronically commutated motor over a PSC motor? 47. Explain the construction of an ECM. 48. An ECM is a ______________. 49. True or False: The resistance readings of the windings of a properly operating ECM should be equal. 50. True or False: The line voltage power supply of an ECM should be disconnected or connected with the power on.

The Portrait Of Sebastia Juner Vidal - 1871 Words

The Portrait of Sebastia Juner Vidal is a large oil on canvas (49 3/4 x 37 in) painting created in 1903 by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973). The work portrays two figures in a cafe, uncomfortably squeezed into a tight seating space. One of the figures in the painting is a woman identified as a prostitute. She is wearing a bright red flower in her hair, and a golden colored earring. The other figure is identified as Picasso’s friend Sebastia Juner Vidal. Sebastia is clearly identified in Picasso’s painting due to his distinguishing frizzy hair, large forehead, and mustache. Picasso became friends with him in the Els Quatre Gats cafe in Barcelona in the year of 1899. Sebastia Juner Vidal has a younger brother, Carles Juner Vidal, together they shared plenty of moments with Picasso. The Juner Vidal brothers were financially well off, their uncle inherited them a successful yarn and stocking shop (1). Occasional, the brothers helped Picasso through his economically hard time as his patrons. Sebastia was the older brother that Picasso favored more, therefore Picasso did many sketches and also a large oil painting about Sebastia. Picasso did many drawings on the back of small trade cards during his time at the Juner Vidals’ store. One group of the drawings consisted of caricatures of Sebastia: these were sometimes allegorical and usually bawdy (2 ). In Sebastia’s earlier life, he was a relatively successful landscape painter and he had few art exhibitions. Later, heShow MoreRelatedThe Portrait Of Pablo Picasso915 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish-American War, Barcelona was in depression. Perhaps Picasso was influenced by the despair, so his paintings were shades in blue and blue-green color, which gives the paintings full of sallowness. This period was Picasso’s life ebb. The Portrait of Sebastia Juà ±er Vidal (1903) is one of the paintings of Picasso’s â€Å"Blue Period†. The whole painting is painted in blue and blue-green. The only warm color is the accessories on the woman’s head, which shows the feminine of woman. Looking at this painting,